The loan officer's belief is an example of_____. /Contents 58 0 R They choose among the available experiments by signing their names on a sheet posted on the bulletin board which states the nature of the experiment. The E then paid the S one dollar (twenty dollars), made out a hand-written receipt form, and asked the S to sign it. Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. 112 . All of the following are causes for groupthink EXCEPT. One group was being paid that amount to lie to the next subject about the boring experiment. The other fraction was given the option to take the place of the experimenter, which required them to give an interesting explanation to the next group. Cognitive Dissonance. The presence of others is especially important in influencing helping behavior when a situation is, Once someone has taken responsibility to help, the next step in the decision-making process is. Patrick is very proud of his Irish heritage and thinks of himself as an Irish American. Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. According to Sternberg's theory, when intimacy and passion are combined the result is _____, which is often the basis for a more lasting relationship. C. She knew she had to find something that she was interested in. Despite the seriousness of his message, the police officer jokes and laughs with the employees. Which of the following has been shown to be true concerning the "teachers" in Milgram's experiment? You don't need our permission to copy the article; just include a link/reference back to this page. This point will be discussed further in connection with the results. If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor. The behavioral component of prejudice is______. It is possible, then, that the results on this question, shown in the third row of figures in Table 1, might reflect dissonance reduction. A. Nicole practiced diligently with her mom. Festinger observed that the subjects were put in a psychologically uncomfortable position. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: Since these derivations are stated in detail by Festinger (1957, Ch. if( window.canRunAds === undefined ){ The present experiment was listed as a two-hour experiment dealing with " Meas-ures of Performance." During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that the psychology department was conducting. Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) investigated if making people perform a dull task would create cognitive dissonance through forced compliance behavior. Her improved performance is an example of. Their research suggested to them that if the laws changed first, forcing a change in behavior, the attitudes would follow along later. anything important? To achieve consonance, something has to give. The highest t value for any of these differences is only 0.48. Cognitive Dissonance | in Chapter 09: Motivation and Emotion I hope you did enjoy it. 1959. It is clear from examining the table that, in all cases, the Twenty Dollar condition is slightly higher The differences are small, however, and only on the rating of "amount of time" does the difference between the two conditions even approach significance. enjoyable than the others would. Festinger explained it this way in A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957): The existence of dissonance, being psychologically uncomfortable, will motivate the person to try to reduce the dissonance and achieve consonance. The reason for doing it, theoretically, was to make it easier for anyone who wanted to persuade himself that the tasks had been, indeed, enjoyable. At the supermarket, a demonstrator gives away free samples of a new pizza. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. The larger the pressure used to elicit the [p. 210] overt behavior (beyond the minimum needed to elicit it) the weaker will be the above-mentioned tendency. There is another possible way, however. The students will be interviewed after participating in the experiment and were encouraged to be completely honest in these interviews. Half of them were offered $1 to do it, and half of them were offered $20. The war in Iraq, the design of the ship Titanic, and the Challenger disaster are all given in the textbook as examples of, If your roommate asks you for a ride to campus and you agree, and then the next day asks if he can borrow your car, it is an example of the. Actually, the result, as may be seen in the table, are in exactly the same direction, and the magnitude of the mean differences is fully as large as on the first question. Leon Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in 1959. (p.3). They were urged to cooperate in these interviews by being completely and honest. The stronger the S's positive statements about the tasks, and the more ways in which he said they were interesting and enjoyable, the higher the rating. Those who were paid $1 were forced to rationalize their own judgments and convinced themselves that what they were doing is enjoyable because they had no other justification. Among the paid participants, 5 had suspicions about getting paid for the designated task. It enabled us to measure the opinions of our Ss in a context not directly connected with our experiment and in which we could reasonably expect frank and honest expressions of opinion. A follow-up psychiatric exam found no signs of psychological problems after 1 year. How are these 100 people likely to respond? 0000010660 00000 n Dr. Nekita Fuller How can you get someone to like you, according to Ben Franklin? And lastly, participants were asked whether they would want to participate again in the future in a study the same as this, using the scale -5 to +5. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) experiment in which they asked individuals to "lie" and tell the next participant how exciting the experiment turning knobs was, which group reported on a follow-up questionnaire the most satisfaction in their knob-turning experience?, The "A" in the "ABCs" of attitudes is, refer to beliefs and . Maria had fallen victim to the_______technique. %PDF-1.5 Social Researcher. %%EOF correct. While watching the TV game show Jeopardy, your roommate says, "The game show host, Alex Trebek, knows all the answers. In a crowded mall parking lot, dozens of people hear a female voice yell, "He's killing me!" "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. In Latane and Darley's classic 1969 study, they found that____ of the participants reported the smoke in the room when the two confederates in the room noticed the smoke but then ignored it. Is it simply the actions of an explicitly racist contingent? {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":false,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Psychology Chapter 12","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/psychology-chapter-12-1964384","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. Prejudice and discrimination are least likely to develop in which of the following situations? The said images can be a reference to physical reality or in comparison to other people. Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in The opposite of Franklin's principle is described by Eric Hoffer, in The True Believer (1951). The said group served as the control group of the experiment. The stove is too large to be moved out of his way, so he has to learn not to touch it -even when Martha isn't looking. An experiment by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) brought cognitive dissonance theory to the attention of American social psychologists. Goleman, D. (1991, July 16) New way to battle bias: fight acts, not feelings. In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). Which of the following is not one of the elements of effective persuasion? This works (according to cognitive dissonance theory) because, once the person has put out time and energy to help you, the person must develop an attitude consistent with the behavior. Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. they shifted their attitudes and perceived the task as more enjoyable The present experiment was designed to test this derivation under controlled, laboratory conditions. Which method of attitude formations is involved in this example? Kerry's positive attitude toward China, even though she has never been there, seems to be related to the fact that her mother is Chinese and talks about China all the time with Kerry. There remain, for analysis, 20 Ss in each of the thee conditions. 2. D. It was Nicole's first year of high school. A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all groups members get the same grade. Which situation would be last likely to result in a decrease of prejudice? soc. If you want to dislike someone, do them wrong. According to the bystander effect, Leshan is more likely to get help if there is (are)______. So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. An unpleasant psychological state often aroused when people hold two conflicting cognition. Half of them were offered $1 to do the job, while the remaining half was offered $20. A police officer comes to Jane's office to discuss personal safety with the employees there. This is an example of which rule of attraction? Twenty Dollar condition. Ashley has practiced her drum routine over and over. Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson They were not paid anything or paid 1 dollar or 20 dollars. 3. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. In the Latane and Darley experiment, subjects were most likely to help when______. When they arrived at the interviewer's office, the E asked the interviewer whether or not he wanted to talk to the S. The interviewer said yes, the E shook hands with the S, said good-bye, and left. Were the tasks interesting and enjoyable? In conclusion, people, when persuaded to lie without being given enough justification, will perform a task by convincing themselves of the falsehood, rather than telling a lie. Jerry goes to a lot of dog races because he enjoys them and loves to see the dogs run. In Sternberg's model, intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present in, The area of the brain that controls aggressive responses is the, Zimbardo's prison experiment lasted only five days because, of the extreme effect it was having on the participants, Ryan sees a woman collapse in the mall. Thus, if the overt behavior was brought about by, say, offers of reward or threats of punishment, the magnitude of dissonance is maximal if these promised rewards or threatened punishments were just barely sufficient to induce the person to say "not X." "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. The neurotransmitter that seems most involved in aggression is_________. Why are black people stopped by police more than white people? Don't have time for it all now? Festinger and Carlsmith experiment A study conducted in which people were offered money to express attitudes that they did not hold; people who were offered big sums justified their behavior by the money but people who were offered smaller sums changed their attitudes to make them more consistent with their behavior Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. If you want to keep people from hating each other, work on eliminating hateful behavior. in order to reduce dissonance. When Gene goes out of town, he expects, in return, that Roger will water his plants. 0000001035 00000 n After performing the tasks, each of the subjects was then interviewed regarding how enjoyable the tasks were to him. moderate; information about how to prevent the fearful consequences. endobj The difference between the One and Twenty Dollar conditions reaches the .08 level of significance on a two-tailed test (t = 1.79). Those who were paid $1 rated the activity a positive 1.35 (+1.35), while those who were paid $20 gave it a rating of negative 0.5 (-0.5). A person who is very low in self-worth is less likely to be affected by the_____. In the other two conditions, however, the Ss told someone that these tasks were interesting and enjoyab1e. That is it. Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). The results strongly corroborate the theory that was tested. In other words, a contradiction (dissonance) between attitude and behavior is uncomfortable, so it motivates a person to change behavior or attitudes (whichever is easier to change) to eliminate the contradiction. The girl, an undergraduate hired for this role, said little until the S made some positive remarks about the experiment and then said that she was surprised because a friend of hers had taken the experiment the week before and had told her that it was boring and that she ought to try to get out of it. Please sign in to share these flashcards. His hair is uncombed and he hasn't shaved in a few days. (p.47) endstream endobj startxref The part of a person's self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation, culture, or ethnic group or with gender or other roles in society is called. Social Researcher. Ben Franklin gave some peculiar advice that makes sense in the context of cognitive dissonance theory. The Effects of Prejudice, Stereotype & Discrimination He doesn't run over to help her because he assumes there is probably someone else in the crowd who is a doctor or nurse and who can provide better assistance. The first area is whether the tasks were interesting and enjoyable at all. Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. This works (according to cognitive dissonance theory) because, once the person has put out time and energy to help you, the person must develop an attitude consistent with the behavior. From this point on, the procedure for all three conditions was once more identical. The third asks whether that subject finds the activity important, again using the scale of 0 to 10. Abused children grow up to become abusers about one third of the time. One way in which the dissonance can be reduced is for the person to change his private opinion so as to bring it into correspondence with what he has said.

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