Pretty, well-liked, and intelligent, Kristen Gilberts seemingly blessed life hid a damning secret. Kristen Gilbert Trial: 2000-01 Defendant: Kristen H. GilbertCrimes Charged: Murder, attempted murderChief Defense Lawyers: David P. Hoose, Harry L. Miles, Paul WeinbergChief Prosecutors: . Personal Life While married to Glenn Gilbert, Kristen developed an affair with the hospital's newly hired security guard, James G. Perrault. Personnel at the VAMC and Perrault received a number of unidentified phone calls over the next several days. He described the voice as strange, male-sounding and distorted. James Perrault said Kristen Gilbert called him from a hospital psychiatric unit where she was being treated in July 1996 and told him, "I did it. James szintn a Veteran Affairs . Her relationship with Perrault was also disintegrating and shortly after, she was institutionalized for attempting suicide. They said she wanted to attract attention, especially from her lover, a hospital security guard. Now 50 years old, she is now serving out her sentence at the Federal Medical Center, Carswell in Fort Worth, Texas. Investigators discovered that Gilbert would inject her victims with epinephrine, sending them into cardiac arrest. She certainly had an opportunity to have her expert perform as many tests on it as necessary. Kristen Heather Gilbert (ne Strickland; born November 13, 1967) is an American serial killer and former nurse who was convicted of four murders and two attempted murders of patients admitted to the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) in Northampton, M*achusetts. As I have said, I am permitting the evidence of the existence of that separate investigation to come in this limited form simply to give you the background and context out of which the evidence in this case partly arises. You wanted to know. Perrault was also called anytime there was a medical emergency on Ward C. There are cases directly on point: United States v. Kunzman, 54 F.3d 1522, 1527 (10th Cir.1995), held: As long as the instrumentality used is itself an integral part of an interstate system, Congress may regulate intrastate activities involving the use of the instrumentality under the federal securities laws.. Her work at the Northampton VA hospital was rewarding, challenging, and exciting. "I don't care whether it was first degree or second degree, though the death penalty wouldn't have bothered me because she took my father's life. Other nurses later told the police that Kristen was often manipulative and that she had a habit of lying. Kristen Gilbert went on trial in November 2000 for the deaths of Cutting, Skwira and two others, as well as three counts of attempted murder. He required only oral medication, but a nurse reported seeing Gilbert enter his room with a syringe. Perrault believed that the voice on these calls was the same as the one that had made the bomb threat calls. And, as with most of the others, the claim fails to float. William Boutelle, a psychiatrist who served as chief of staff at the Northampton VAMC, has theorized that she created emergency medical crisis situations to display her proficiency as a nurse. [19] Defense attorney David P. Hoose claimed reasonable doubt based on a lack of direct evidence. It must be borne in mind that part of the government's theory on the voice identification issue was that Gilbert had made the September 30 phone calls on the Talkboy recorder that she bought on September 30 at 6:25 p.m. at Toys-R-Us. Co-workers were taken aback by the couples unprofessional public displays of affection. We do not think that the investigation evidence is barred by either Rule 403 or Rule 404(b). On the surface, she Kristen seemed to live a happy life. She argues before us that its admission violated the provisions of Fed.R.Evid. When Perrault made it clear that he would not do as she wished, she returned to her car and drove off. Defendant Kristen Gilbert has been indicted on four counts of murder, three counts of attempted murder and six counts of assault with intent to murder, all alleged to have been committed upon patients while she was a nurse at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) in Northampton, Massachusetts. She became upset and blamed the investigation for this. Friends and former beaus, however, said she was also a habitual liar, thief and manipulative person. The Double Life Of Soccer Mom And Serial Killer Nurse, Kristen Gilbert, A foodie, wanderlust victim, professional Francophile, and history nerd, Andrew Milne is a freelance writer who has worked at outlets like Bon Apptit and Food Network, and currently runs content at, The Tragic Story Of The Lindbergh Baby Kidnapping, 33 Unsettling Photographs Of The Challenger Explosion As It Unfolded, What Stephen Hawking Thinks Threatens Humankind The Most, 27 Raw Images Of When Punk Ruled New York, Join The All That's Interesting Weekly Dispatch. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Kristen Gilbert Biography. Link your TV provider to stream full episodes and live TV. In 2001, Kristen Gilbert was found guilty on three counts of first degree murder, one count of second degree murder, and two counts of attempted murder by a federal jury. Gilbert graduated from Groton-Dunstable Regional High School in Groton, Massachusetts. But no one could believe that the smart, controlled, and pretty, young nurse could be capable of murder. Snapped Notorious: Prescription for Death Airs Saturday, May 12th, Snapped Notorious: Prescription for Death, Charles Cullen, Oxygen dove into the case of Kristen Gilbert during its two-night special, ", after her arrest that as a youngster, She seemed decent and normal - pretty intelligent, sharp.''. Although Kristen was a married mother of two, she still found time to blossom a steamy relationship with a co-worker and Veteran Affair's security employee, James Perrault. . Crime News is your destination for true crime stories from around the world, breaking crime news, and information about Oxygen's original true crime shows and documentaries. Gilbert also expressed anger and resentment against those of her co-workers who cooperated with the investigation. In late July 1995, 66-year-old Stanley J. Jagodowski was admitted to the hospital for postoperative bowel obstructions. Janet Knott/The Boston Globe via Getty ImagesJulia Hudon, 67, and Christine Duquette, 43, mourning the loss of their son and brother, Henry Hudon, murdered by Kristen Gilbert. Gilbert, a registered nurse, worked the 3:30 p.m. to midnight shift on Ward C, an acute medical ward at the VAMC. The fact that there was an investigation, however, and that for some time it included the defendant, among other persons and things within its scope, is part of the background of this case. She narrowly escaped the death penalty by lethal injection, which would have been an ironic end to the nurse who murdered via syringe. The voice on all three calls sounded the same to Perrault. Oxygen dove into the case of Kristen Gilbert during its two-night special, "Snapped Notorious: Prescription for Death.". Gilbert talked about the investigation with Perrault. Kristen Gilbert (born November 13, 1967 as Kristen Strickland in Fall River, Massachusetts) is an American serial killer who was convicted for three first-degree murders, one second-degree murder, and two attempted murders of patients admitted for care at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) in Northampton, Massachusetts. It was then that she began an extramarital affair with James Perrault. Terms in this set (5) Who did Kristen have an affair with? Check out never-before-seen content, free digital evidence kits, and much more! La evidencia tambin comenz a acumularse. The court was of the opinion that allowing the government to vary the speed of the play back to obtain Gilbert's natural voice would be unreliable and too haphazard. Beginning around February 1996, seven months before the bomb threat charged by the Government in this case, an independent investigation began about certain possible wrongdoing at the VA. That separate investigation had nothing to do with the charge in this case. She reportedly lied a lot as well. A district court's denial of a motion to suppress will be upheld if any reasonable view of the evidence supports the denial. United States v. Watson, 76 F.3d 4, 6 (1st Cir.1996). Meanwhile, she and her husband had two children and Gilbert maintained a burgeoning social life. Oxygen Insider is your all-access pass to never-before-seen content, free digital evidence kits, and much more! Loveridge v. Dreagoux, 678 F.2d 870, 874 (10th Cir.1982), held: [P]roof of intrastate telephonic messages in connection with the employment of deceptive devices or contrivances is sufficient to confer jurisdiction in a 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 action. In Alley v. Miramon, 614 F.2d 1372, 1379 (5th Cir.1980) the court held: This court has consistently held that the intrastate use of the telephone may confer jurisdiction over a private action under Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5. In Kerbs v. Fall River Indus., Inc., 502 F.2d 731 (10th Cir.1974) the court explained cogently the reason for the telephone-call rule: Both intrastate and interstate telephone communications are part of an aggregate telephonic system as a whole. She killed her patients by injecting them 2243, 53 L.Ed.2d 140 (1977), cf. Beginning in the summer of 1995, Gilbert befriended James Perrault, a hospital police officer whose work schedule roughly corresponded to hers and whose duties required him to respond to medical emergencies in Ward C. By fall, Gilbert was having an extramarital affair with Perrault. her estimated net worth is $1 Million to $5 Million Approx. Prior to giving the jury instruction the court made the following rulings. But later, Gilbert told him she was only trying to make him angry, Perrault said. Kristen Gilbert was known to be a dutiful and dedicated nurse at VA Medical Center in Northampton, Massachusetts. In late July, 1996, Gilbert told a friend of hers that if Perrault dumped her, she probably would start stalking him. Perrault tried again in late August of 1996 to break his relationship with Gilbert. The jury could well have found that her reaction to the investigation as shown by what she said and did was the motive for the bomb threat. More from Medium Alvin Ang in Mind Cafe A Beautiful Girl I Knew Became a High-Class Escort And Paid a Terrible Price Ceebla Cuud Her Ex-husband's. [24], Gilbert had two sons with Glenn Gilbert before they divorced in 1998. Kristen Gilbert was known to be a dutiful and dedicated nurse at VA Medical Center in Northampton, Massachusetts. By 1995, casual flirting between Kristen and Perrault had blossomed into a full-on extramarital affair. Kristen Gilbert, 33, of Setauket, N.Y., is accused of murdering four patients at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Northampton by injecting them with high levels of adrenaline. 1624, 131 L.Ed.2d 626 (1995). Kristen Gilbert, born as Kristen Strickland, is a Massachusetts serial killer who was convicted for three first-degree murders and one second-degree murder of her patients who were under her care at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Northampton, Massachusetts. On one of those days, she called up her boyfriend, James Perrault, and confessed to the killings. Two of the more dramatic witnesses were Gilbert's ex-husband and James Perrault, the policeman with whom she was having an affair at the time of the incidents. Though Massachusetts abolished capital punishment in 1984, prosecutors were allowed to seek the death penalty since the crimes occured on federal property. In September, 1996, Perrault told Gilbert of the day and time he had agreed to be interviewed in Springfield, Massachusetts, by investigators from the United States Attorney's Office. In 1989, Gilbert joined the staff of the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Northampton. She was born Kristen Heather Strickland on November 13, 1967, in Fall River, Massachusetts, and raised in a nuclear family of a working dad and homemaker mother in a well-to-do Massachusetts suburb. She is alsoaccused of trying to kill three other patients. Perraulta Persian Gulf War Army veteranwas required to respond to hospital codes or if a patient was dying. Gilbert was found guilty by a jury and was sentenced to imprisonment for fifteen months and three years of supervised release. To divert the attention of the investigators, Gilbert made a hoax call at the hospital about a bomb being planted there. There was no audible reaction in the courtroom as the decision to spare Gilbert was announced. , they were observed playing footsie and touching during emergency operations. James Perrault During the fall she began having an affair with him. James Perrault was a VAMC police officer who worked the 3:00 p.m. to 11:00 p.m. shift at the medical center. Study Resources. According to the Boston Globe, she was on duty for half of the 350 deaths that occurred in seven years. 1732. Prosecutors said she also once climbed atop a patient and straddled him, apparently so Perrault could see her garter belt. She later called Perrault from the psychiatric ward, telling him, "You know I did it. 41:969 FEDERAL DEATH PENALTY murder trial,7 with jurors deadlocked and, thus, the option of im- I, 8, cl. She was born to the family of Mr. Richard and Mrs. Claudia Strickland who resided in the state of Massachusetts. Before starting our legal analysis, we address the government's suggestion that Gilbert's claim was procedurally defaulted and is reviewable only for plain error. She told the clerk from whom she made the purchase that it was a gift for her nephews. stood trial for calling in a bomb threat to the Northampton VAMC to retaliate against coworkers and former boyfriend James Perrault . Prosecutors said she tried twice to murder a person by poison in November 1995. ", Her mother, Claire Jagadowski, also said she didn't care if Gilbert were convicted of first degree or second degree murder, "as long as she pays.". From the psychiatric ward, she called Perrault and declared to him I did it! She told him that three nurses who worked in Ward C were responsible for starting the investigation and she couldn't understand why they were trying to do this to me. Perrault suggested leaving the area, but Gilbert refused, saying she wanted everybody here to see what they had done to ruin her life. Perrault tried to end their relationship in June of 1996, but she begged him not to do so. She excelled at school and was a member of the math club. Kristen Gilbert, 33, could have been sentenced to lethal injection and would have become the only woman on federal death row. The intrastate telephone call cases are of long standing but like old wine have a pertinent robust taste. FindLaw.com Free, trusted legal information for consumers and legal professionals, SuperLawyers.com Directory of U.S. attorneys with the exclusive Super Lawyers rating, Abogado.com The #1 Spanish-language legal website for consumers, LawInfo.com Nationwide attorney directory and legal consumer resources. The next evidentiary issue is more troublesome. Match. Gilbert's presence around death in the hospital didn't let up. Kristen immediately quit her job. The calls were made by someone who knew Perrault's work schedule, which Gilbert did. Preparatory to testifying, he speeded up the play back so that Gilbert's natural voice was heard. All That's Interesting states that Gilbert was also a married mother of two. Massachusetts banned capital punishment in 1984. The nickname became more and more prescient, as it was later estimated that she was on duty during half of her wards 350 deaths in a seven-year span. We do not doubt that Gilbert was surprised by the positive voice identification testimony. grand united order of odd fellows Menu Toggle; coastal vacation rentals holden beach The government counters that the evidence was properly admissible under Fed. Ryan was a full-time musician, master engineer, and record producer. This evidence was sufficient without the voice identification evidence for a conviction. She was married and the mother of two children. On January 13, Gilbert called her expert, Christopher Ryan. About 6:25 p.m. on the 30th, Gilbert bought a Talkboy Jr. and the batteries to run it at Toys-R-Us with a personal check. As a result, Film Daily reports that Gilbert quit her job. But the case was tried in federal court, where murder can be punishable by death, because the crimes took place on federal property the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Northampton. It doesn't matter. United States v. Samalot Perez, 767 F.2d 1, 4 (1st Cir.1985). Shortly after Lopez was decided the Court issued a per curiam opinion in United States v. Robertson, 514 U.S. 669, 115 S.Ct. As rumors began to swirl, patients refused to go into Gilbert's ward. Christine Duquette, Henry Hudon's sister, says she wants Gilbert executed. Jump into read her life Facts, Wikipedia and biographies Details . Kristen Heather Strickland was born in 1967 and grew up in relative affluence in the Massachusetts suburbs. 113), List of serial killers in the United States, List of medical and pseudo-medical serial killers, "Serial Killer Nurse Who Liked 'Thrill' Of Emergencies Murdered Patients To Impress Boyfriend", "MassLive News - Judge fines Gilbert $1.5 million", "Death Penalty Sought for Nurse in Patients' Deaths - Los Angeles Times", "Lawyers Ask Jury To Spare Gilbert's Life, For Sons' Sake - Hartford Courant", "Nurse reportedly has history of violence", "370 F.3d 95 - Nancy CASCONE, Executrix of the Estate of Michele Cascone, Plaintiff, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant, Appellee", "Nurse Killed 4 Patients for Thrill, Prosecutor Says", "Botched math hinders murder trial | Amarillo.com | Amarillo Globe-News", "An Uninvited Guest: The Federal Death Penalty and the Massachusetts Prosecution of Nurse Kristen Gilbert", "Lawyers Ask Jury To Spare Gilbert's Life, For Sons' Sake", "181 F3d 152 United States v. Kristen Gilbert", "Nurse On Trial For Patient Deaths - ABC News", "Transcript of remarks given by David Hoose at Ehrmann Awards on May 14, 2001", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristen_Gilbert&oldid=1133991805, American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment, People convicted of murder by the United States federal government, Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by the United States federal government, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox criminal with motive parameter, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 1995 1996 (Gilbert is suspected of deaths dating back to 1989), This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 13:33. The caller stated: You think you have a problem? Trooper Murphy seized from the trash three empty battery packages for Energizer batteries, two batteries stamped LI54 on the back, and a Thrifty Drug Store receipt showing the purchase of the Energizer batteries. With her marriage crumbling, Film Daily reports that she allegedly tried to poison her husband. United States v. Shea, 159 F.3d 37 (1st Cir.1998); United States v. Pitrone, 115 F.3d 1, 7 (1st Cir.1997). At 6:44 p.m. on September 30, Perrault received a phone call stating, Officer Perrault, I've been watching you, boy. Perrault described the voice as the same as the one who made the call on September 26, except that this time the caller appeared to be trying to put a southern drawl into it. Perrault received two more calls on September 30. Kristen Gilbert, 33, of Setauket, N.Y., is accused of murdering four patients at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Northampton by injecting them with high levels of adrenaline. Get an all-access pass to never-before-seen content, free digital evidence kits, and much more! The episode, titled Notorious: Kristen Gilbert, will air on Sunday, January 15 at 9 pm ET. We state the facts as they could have been found by the jury. Kristen Gilbert, appeared to be your stereotypical soccer mom. Koenig delivered the tape he created (exhibit 44) to the government on Sunday, January 11, which immediately provided the defense with a copy of it and a statement of Koenig's proposed testimony. The jury will return on Monday to begin hearing evidence on whether she should get the death penalty. The testimony of the recipients was that the voice sounded as being electronically altered or was a mechanical sounding voice. He and Kristen developed an intimate relationship during her time working there. In the summer of . [1] Gilbert told O'Donnell that the police were looking for a voice-changing device, similar to a toy that her son owned, that could change your voice up high like a chipmunk or down low like a man. She also told O'Donnell that if the police found such a device in her house, it might be broken, the tape might be erased or blank, or the batteries might be dead. He worked from 3 p.m. until 11 p.m. and the two often went to have drinks with other workers at the end of their shifts. Co-workers were taken aback by the couples unprofessional public displays of affection. Gilbert was born Kristen Heather Strickland in Fall River, Massachusetts, on November 13, 1967, the elder of Richard and Claudia Strickland's two daughters. The use of the telephone in this case to make a bomb-threat was, without more, sufficient to sustain jurisdiction under the interstate commerce clause. He was of the opinion that the caller was Gilbert. On the same evening, there were unidentified phone calls made to various departments of the VAMC. Flashcards. Rule 403 provides for the exclusion of relevant evidence on the grounds of prejudice, confusion or waste of time. At her 2000 trial, prosecutors alleged that Gilbert killed her patients to show off to Perrault. You may hear references to that investigation, and I am therefore permitting you to know of the fact of that separate investigation. Serial Killer. I did it. movie obituary md dateline crimes deutsch james perrault endocrinologist ubc will denny. By fall, Gilbert was having an extramarital affair with Perrault. John Blanding/The Boston Globe via Getty Images. Kristen Gilbert. In 1996, however, three nurses reported their concern about an increase in cardiac arrest deaths[15] and a decrease in the supply of epinephrine, and an investigation ensued. Here, the witnesses were both familiar with Gilbert's voice and therefore had a solid basis for their opinion that the taped voice was Gilbert's, and the defense was free to bring out on cross-examination any aspects of suggestiveness, including the pretrial exposure of the witnesses to the tape. Perrault called Gilbert at 5:12 p.m. and left a message on her answering machine that he would be at the security desk until 7:00 p.m. Perrault received a series of anonymous phone calls at 5:25 p.m., 5:41 p.m., 5:44 p.m., and 6:37 p.m. Perrault answered a security desk phone call at 5:11 p.m. A recorded message from an unidentified caller stated: This message is for all Persian Gulf veterans who were exposed to chemical weapons. Perrault was a Persian Gulf War veteran and Gilbert knew it. Perrault testified against her, saying that she confessed at least one murder to him by phone while she was hospitalized in a psychiatric ward. Kristen Gilbert was an ordinary and well-liked nurse at least at first at the Veteran Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) in Northampton, Massachusetts, (via Oxygen). Perrault unsuccessfully tried to trace the calls. She was transferred from a prison for women in Framingham, Massachusetts to FMC Carswell in Fort Worth, Texas, where she has remained ever since. Glenn sobrevivi al incidente y Kristen lo dej a l y a los nios poco despus, por James Perrault. They were breaking up at the time. She lived in the suburbs of Massachutes, was a recent newly-wed and . The first paragraph of Lopez summarizes the case: In the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990, Congress made it a federal offense for any individual knowingly to possess a firearm at a place that the individual knows, or has reasonable cause to believe, is a school zone. 18 U.S.C. Detective Lieutenant Thomas Soutier also seized a Talkboy from a closet in a child's room which contained a tape cassette that was blank. . On September 28 and 29 Perrault was off from work and was not on duty at the VAMC. Compare and contrast all three and weigh pros and cons of each. One of the deaths was of 66-year old Stanley Jagodowski. American actress . Maybe she just basked in the attention of swooping in and restoring life. On arriving at Springfield, Perrault used a parking garage that he and Gilbert had used on prior occasions. A federal judge was expected to make the jury's recommendation a formal sentence this afternoon. The court decided to admit the evidence but gave Gilbert several options among which was a short continuance. A later study released by the prosecution in her trial would find the statistical probability of that happening was1 in 100 million. I believe also that the probative value of the evidence outweighs any unfair prejudice that will be done to the defendant as a result of my letting this in, particularly in the context of the limiting instruction that I will give. Female. Soon after receiving an ultimatum from her boyfriend, Kristen called her husband and told him she was leaving him. According to The Boston Globe, prosecutors would later determine that in the seven years she worked at the hospital, Gilbert had been on duty for almost half of the 350 deaths that occurred in Ward C, a coincidence that was almost statistically impossible. The Act neither regulates a commercial activity nor contains a requirement that the possession be connected in any way to interstate commerce. Our standard of review of a district court's admission or exclusion of evidence is abuse of discretion. A hearing is set for Dec. 7. William Welch said Gilbert provoked medical emergencies so she could respond and attract the attention of peers and James Perrault, her boyfriend who worked as . It is believed that Kristen would put her patients in emergency conditions, because hospital security always came rushing at an emergency, so she could show off her nursing skills and flirt with Perrault. Gilberts presence around death in the hospital didnt let up. Kristen Gilbert's trial took place at the federal court house and lasted from November to March. The friendship blossomed into a full-blown affair in September and October of 1995. Gilbert bent her head and wept quietly as the verdict was read. She also was convicted of second-degree murder in the death of another veteran. One of her co-workers was a Persian Gulf War veteran named James Perrault who was a police officer at the hospital. A pen register was installed on Gilbert's phone on September 26, after the bomb threat. Kristen Heather Gilbert (born Kristen Heather Strickland, November 13, 1967) is a former nurse and an American serial killer who was convicted of four murders and two attempted murders of patients admitted to the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) in Northampton, Massachusetts. . Those innocent victims are Stanley Jagodowski, Henry Hudson, Kenneth Cutting and Edward Skwira, all veterans. at 559, 115 S.Ct. However, a series of unusual deaths started to take place at the hospital where she was working. [4][5][6][7][8], Gilbert was born Kristen Heather Strickland in Fall River, Massachusetts, on November 13, 1967,[9] the elder of Richard and Claudia Strickland's two daughters. Last Name: Alderson. , while a student at Bridgewater State College, she was ordered to receive psychiatric treatment after faking a suicide attempt and telling her ex-boyfriend she had eaten glass. gilbert was a highly skilled nurse, and a popular at the medical centre. UNITED STATES, Appellee, v. Kristen GILBERT, Defendant, Appellant. The investigators never told Gilbert that they were looking for a child's toy that could change a person's voice. Appellant's Br. Apart from parents, Kristen Gilbert also had a younger sister with whom she grew up. Your California Privacy Rights / Privacy Policy. September 14, 2019 CRJ 305 - Fall 2019 Essay 2 Explain the general facts of the case and the holding while defining guilty by reason of insanity, the M'Naghten Rule and the Irresistible Impulse Test. But unbeknownst to them, she had a history of lying and manipulating. In March 2001, Kristen Gilbert was found guilty on three counts of first-degree murder, one count of second-degree murder and two counts of attempted murder. In 1988, she married boyfriend Glenn Gilbert, with whom she would have two sons, and became a registered nurse. After being released, and upon learning that Perrault was cooperating with investigators, she called in a bomb threat at the Northampton VAMC, for which she was later arrested and sentenced to 15 months in jail, according to the Los Angeles Times. This isn't a pure other-act type of situation where, for example, the Government would be trying to prove that the defendant engaged in some kind of misconduct two or three years ago and therefore is likely to be guilty or possibly guilty of the charge that she's facing here at this time. The government promptly contacted an expert, Bruce Koenig, who was in the business of analyzing audio and video tapes.

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